In vivo neuroimaging in C. elegans

To fully understand behaviour at the molecular and cellular level, it is necessary to determine how specific gene products affect the activity of identified neurons, and to correlate the activity of these neurons with behaviour. We have developed methods that have allowed us to detect and measure the activites of neurons and muscle cells using the genetically-encoded indicator cameleon. We are now using these imaging techniques in combination with traditional C. elegans genetics to investigate the function, plasticity and development of specific neural circuits.

   
Here is a movie of the worm pharynx contracting. Calcium transients are visible as red in this pseudocolour image.
 
Here is a movie of the ASH neuron responding to a repellent. Again, red indicates calcium influx.
 
   

Papers on neuronal and muscle cell imaging:

Kindt KS, Quast KB, Giles AG, De S, Hendrey D, Nicastro I, Rankin CH, Schafer WR (2007) "Dopamine mediates context-dependent modulation of sensory plasticity in C. elegans" Neuron 55: 662-676. Supplemental material.

Kindt KS, Viswanath V, Macpherson L, Quast K, Hu H, Patapoutian A, Schafer WR (2007) “Caenorhabditis elegans TRPA-1 functions in mechanosensation.” Nature Neurosci 10: 568-577. Epub 2007 Apr 22. Supplemental material.

Frøkjær-Jensen C, Kindt KS, Kerr RA, Suzuki H, Melnik-Martinez K, Gerstbrein B, Driscoll M, Schafer WR (2006) "Effects of voltage-gated calcium channel subunit genes on calcium influx in cultured C. elegans mechanosensory neurons" J. Neurobiol. 66: 1125-1139 Epub 2006 Jul 11

Hilliard MA, Apicella AJ, Kerr R, Suzuki H, Bazzicalupo P, Schafer WR. (2005) "In vivo imaging of C. elegans ASH neurons: cellular response and adaptation to chemical repellents" EMBO Journal 24: 63-72. Epub 2004 Dec 02.

Bianchi L, Gerstbrein B, Frøkjær-Jensen C, Royal DC, Mukherjee G, Royal MA, Xue J, Schafer WR, Driscoll M. (2004) "The neurotoxic MEC-4(d) DEG/ENaC sodium channel conducts calcium: implications for necrosis initiation" Nature Neurosci 7: 1337-1344+supplementary data

Suzuki H, Kerr R, Bianchi L, Frøkjær-Jensen C, Slone D, Xue J, Gerstbrein B, Driscoll M, Schafer WR. (2003) "In vivo functional analysis of C. elegans mechanosensory neurons reveals a specific role for MEC-4 channels in the process of gentle touch transduction" Neuron 39: 1005-1017.

Shyn SI, Kerr R, Schafer WR. (2003) "Serotonin and Go modulate functional states of neurons and muscles involved in C. elegans egg-laying behavior" Curr. Biol. 13: 1910-1915. +supplementary data

Kerr R, Lev-Ram V, Baird G, Vincent P, Tsien RY, Schafer WR. (2000) “Optical imaging of calcium transients in C. elegans neurons and pharyngeal muscle” Neuron 26: 583-594.