![Diagram depicting invading Salmonella being marked with ubiquitin as cargo for autophagy](https://www2.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/Randow_IndexPage_5-21-150x150.jpg)
Ubiquitylation is a process that marks cell-invading pathogens and non-functional organelles for autophagy. Felix Randow’s group has shown that RNF213 catalyses the ubiquitylation of LPS on invading bacteria. This is the first example for ubiquitylation of a non-protein substrate.